外围足彩APP推荐

Emily White, Visiting Research Associate, Center for the Study of Land, Air, and Water, Bard College

水坝业主在决定是否进行维护时要考虑许多因素, 删除, 或者安装一个微型水电系统. 做这个选择的时候, it is important to consider the fate of the sediment (and associated contaminants, 营养物质, 以及有机物质)，这些物质都聚集在大坝后面的水库中. 通过捕获沉积物, dams can deprive downstream areas of the sediments needed to maintain the channel structure that supports the ecosystem of the adjacent areas (i.e.，河岸带).

Dam 删除 can be beneficial by re-establishing natural water and sediment flows, 水的温度, 以及原生生物的栖息地. 然而, 当大坝被拆除时，大量的泥沙会暴露出来并被动员起来, resulting in increased water turbidity that can adversely impact downstream habitat. 这通常被认为是一种短期效应. 在长期的, dam 删除 is typically thought to be ecologically beneficial on a watershed scale because aquatic connectivity is improved. But there are many uncertainties associated with the risks and benefits of dam 删除.

The effects of sediment release are difficult to quantify because changes occur over long time periods and data characterizing pre-dam conditions are often lacking. 美国有1200多座大坝被拆除.S. (2014年以前)，科学评价小于10% (Bellmore等 .., 2016). This lack of knowledge makes it challenging to predict how a specific stream will respond to dam 删除.

National guidelines have been developed for assessing sediment-related effects from dam 删除 (USDOI, 2017). This approach uses an informal evaluation of risk (likelihood of sediment impact and magnitude of consequences) to determine the amount of required sediment investigation (e.g.，数据收集、分析、建模和管理). The potential for sediment contamination and the reservoir sediment volume are important factors. 污染沉积物的问题首先通过筛选调查进行评估. 如怀疑有污染物, sediment sampling and analysis is then required to determine if sediments can be released or if mitigation is needed. 如果污染物浓度低到足以释放, 然后必须考虑泥沙体积和影响的可能性. 然而, 低水头水坝:蓄水池中沉积物很少的低水头水坝, 例如, has very little risk of sediment impacts so extensive sediment investigations are not needed. Negligible sediment volumes are considered to be less than 10% of the average annual load entering the reservoir. 由于年度负荷难以确定, an alternative approach can be used that compares sediment volume with the size of a typical alluvial channel (e.g.、沙或砾石坝).

Installing a micro hydroelectric project on an existing dam should have negligible impacts on the suspension and transport of sediments downstream. 水量、流速和水质(如.g.泥沙水平)主要由上游土地利用控制. 除非做出改变，否则影响流, 沉积物运动和洪水模式不应受到影响. 然而, the construction process during installation of a hydropower system can disturb impounded sediment, 特别是需要疏浚的时候. 在纽约州, guidance on dredging activities (as well as in-water and riparian management of dredged materials) is provided by the Department of 外围足彩APP推荐al Conservation (NYSDEC, 2004).

An important step in gaining approval for a project that involves dredging is the design of a sampling and analysis plan to characterize sediment quality. 本质上, this is the process by which it will be determined if there are contaminants of concerns associated with the sediments. The sediment sampling plan flowchart below can be used to assess whether a project is exempt from submitting a plan to NYSDEC. 关于准备抽样计划的细节见技术部分 & 操作指南系列(TOGS.1.9 (NYSDEC, 2004).

如需要沉积物取样, samples must be analyzed for a suite of contaminants in order to classify the sediment (as Class A, B, 或C). 这些沉积物类别是根据这些污染物的浓度划分的, 根据它们对水生生物和生态系统的已知和推测影响. Appropriate management options are then selected given the class of sediment to be dredged.

沉积物分类需分析的化合物:

• 金属(砷、镉、铜、铅和汞)
• 多环芳烃和石油相关化合物(苯、BTEX总量、多环芳烃总量)
• 杀虫剂(滴滴涕+DDD+DDE、灭蚁灵、氯丹、狄氏剂)
• 氯代烃(PCBs, 2,3,7,8- tcdd)
• 其他潜在的水质限制物质(场地特有)

These analyses must be conducted by a laboratory that is accredited by the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) 外围足彩APP推荐al Laboratory Approval Program (ELAP). Based on NYSDOH’s Analytical Services Protocol, sediment testing (to satisfy TOGS 5.1.9; NYSDEC, 2004) requires a full data deliverables package (ASP Category B). A list of certified commercial laboratories is maintained by DOH at the following website: http://www.wadsworth.org/regulatory/elap/certified-labs. 虽然价格可能有所不同，但TOGS 5的成本报价.19 sediment testing (including the specific compounds listed above) from one accredited lab in Fall 2018 was approximately $1630 per sample. The number of samples that should be collected in order to adequately characterize the dredged material will depend on the project area and the expected sediment heterogeneity.

为了保护水生和湿地栖息地以及河岸地区, NYSDEC的指导方针包括以下外围足彩APP推荐目标:

• Minimize resuspension by careful equipment operation and/or use of floating booms, 淤泥窗帘, 屏幕, 等.
• 尽量减少被干扰或返回水中的物质
• 避免破坏附近的湿地和栖息地
• 避免已知的历史或考古地点
• 避免在鱼类洄游和产卵期间疏浚
• 避开沿岸地带(高低潮线之间的沿岸)
• Avoid exposing benthic organisms (that live on or in the bottom of the stream) to more highly contaminated material

During dredging, best management practices should be employed that meet these objectives. 例如，应采取措施减少固体再悬浮(e.g., 闭桶使用), 淤泥幕应该被用来保护敏感的栖息地, 在鱼类洄游和产卵期间应限制工作. 外围足彩APP推荐al objectives and best management practices should also be considered when developing a management plan to place the dredged material in the water or riparian zone, 根据沉积物类别(i.e.,污染物存在).

To learn more about sediment transport and deposition, see the following website: http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/hydrology/sediment-transport-deposition/

参考文献

Bellmore J.R.杜达,J.J.克雷格L.S.格林,年代.L.Torgersen C.E.柯林斯,米.J. 和Vittum K. 2016. 美国大坝拆除研究现状与趋势. 电线的水. doi.org/10.1002 / wat2.1164

纽约州外围足彩APP推荐保护部. 疏浚底泥取样分析方案的设计.

纽约州外围足彩APP推荐保护部. 2004. 技术 & 操作指南系列(TOGS.1.9:泥沙和疏浚物料的水中和河岸管理. 水利局水利局. 

USDOI, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 技术 Service Center. 2017. 泥沙坝移分析导则.